Radio-luno-triquetral bone-ligament transfer as an additional stabilizer in scapholunate-instability.

INTRODUCTION: Reconstruction of the scapho-lunate (SL) ligament is still challenging. Many different techniques, such as capsulodesis, tendon graft and bone-ligament-bone graft have been described to stabilize reducible SL dissociation. If primary ligament repair alone is not possible, an additional stabilizer is needed to achieve scapho-lunate stability. A new local bone-ligament transfer using half of the radio-luno-triquetral ligament is performed. The direction of traction of the transposed ligament is very similar to the original ligament. Ideal tension can be attained by fixation of the bone block at the dorsal ridge of the scaphoid. The biomechanical stability of this bone-ligament transfer shall be examined biomechanically. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Computed tomography imaging was performed using eight cadaveric forearms with a defined position of the wrist. Axial load was accomplished with tension springs attached to the extensor and flexor tendons. Three series ([a] native, [b] divided SL ligament and [c]) after reconstruction with bone-ligament transfer] were reconstructed three-dimensionally to determine the angles between radius, scaphoid and lunate. The radial distal part including a bone fragment of the radio-luno-triquetral ligament was transferred from its insertion at the distal edge of the radius to be attached to the dorsal ridge of the scaphoid. RESULTS: SL gap was widened after its transection. Average SL distance was 6.6 ± 1.6 mm. After ligament reconstruction, the gap could be narrowed significantly to 4.2 mm (± 0.7 mm). The movement of the scaphoid and lunate showed significant changes, especially in wrist flexion, fist closure and radial deviation. These deviations could be corrected by the bone ligament transfer. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of a transected SL ligament with a bone-ligament transfer from the radio-luno-triquetral ligament reduces SL dissociation under axial load. The described surgical technique causes low donor-side morbidity and can be considered in addition to improve stability if SL ligament suture alone does not appear sufficient. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, therapeutic investigating experimental study.

Predictive factors for failure of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction via the trans-tibial technique.

INTRODUCTION: Factors for graft failure after trans-tibial (TT) ACL reconstruction, including anterolateral ligament (ALL) injury and degree of synovialization, remain unclear. This study is to evaluate the risk factors for graft failures after TT ACL reconstruction including ALL injury and synovialization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 391 patients who underwent primary TT ACL reconstruction were included. Failure was defined as greater than grade 2 laxity on the Lachman or pivot shift tests or 5 mm of anterior translation on stress radiograph. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 31 patients with failure were categorized as group 1 and 89 patients without failure were categorized as group 2. Chi-square test and Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 64 patients had ALL injuries (53.3%), 58 had medial meniscal (MM) tears (48.3%), and 62 had lateral meniscal (LM) tears (51.6%). Ninety-three patients (77.5%) had acute injuries and 27 had chronic injuries as per 6-weeks duration. Significant risk factors for failure were LM tear (hazard ratio [HR], 4.018; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.677-9.629; p = 0.002), chronicity (HR, 6.812; 95% CI 2.758-16.824; p = 0.000), presence of ALL injury (HR, 3.655; 95% CI 1.442-9.265; p = 0.006), and poor synovialization (HR, 3.134; 95% CI 1.298-7.566; p = 0.011) in Cox proportional hazard analysis. If combined MM and LM tears were found, an increased risk of failure was also identified (combined tears: HR, 3.951; 95% CI 1.754-8.901; p = 0.001/preoperative high-grade laxity: HR, 4.546; 95% CI 1.875-11.02; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Chronic ACL injuries, meniscus tear, preoperative ALL injuries, preoperative high-grade laxity and poor synovialization are significant risk factors. Therefore, these factors should be carefully assessed and properly treated in TT ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective cohort study.

Patellar fixation graft via suture anchors versus tunnel techniques during isolated MPFL reconstruction for recurrent patellofemoral instability: a systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: There is still a lack of evidence concerning the patellar fixation of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) graft in selected patient with recurrent instability. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare clinical outcomes and further complications of isolated MPFL reconstruction via suture anchors versus tunnel techniques for recurrent patellofemoral instability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. In September 2019, the main databases were accessed. All the clinical trials performing isolated MPFL reconstruction in patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability were included in the present study. Only articles fixing the MPFL graft through suture anchors and/ or patellar tunnel techniques were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Data from 46 papers (1712 patients) were recorded. The mean follow-up was 40 ± 18 months. No differences were found in Kujala, Lysholm and Tegner score, International Knee Documentation Committee, visual analogic scale, range of motion and re-dislocation rate. The suture anchors fixation group detected reduced rate of apprehension test (OR: 0.6; p = 0.03), revision surgeries (OR: 0.4; p = 0.02) and anterior knee pain (OR: 0.05; p < 0.0001) and reduced not-classified complications (OR: 0.18; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Both the suture anchors and the bone-tunnels are a feasible option for isolated MPFL reconstruction in patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability. Patellar fixation via suture anchors evidenced a reduced rate of anterior knee pain, revision surgeries, apprehension test and an overall reduced complication compared to the bone-tunnel technique.

Single- versus double-bundle patellar graft insertion for isolated MPFL reconstruction in patients with patellofemoral instability: a systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: The MPFL reconstruction is performed either via a single-bundle (SB) or double-bundle (DB) procedure. The purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review comparing SB versus DB graft for recurrent patellofemoral instability, to summarize current evidence, and to clarify the role of both techniques. We focused on clinical scores, physical examination, complications, revision surgeries, and failures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In May of 2019 the main online databases were accessed. All the clinical studies treating isolated MPFL reconstruction for patellofemoral instability through a single and/or double-bundle graft were enrolled in the present systematic review. Only articles reporting primary isolated MPFL reconstruction, reporting a minimum of 12-months follow-up were considered for inclusion. RESULTS: The scores of interest were in favour of the DB cohort: Kujala (+ 3.2, P = 0.03), Lysholm (+ 5.1, P = 0.001), Tegner (+ 0.3, P = 0.2), IKDC (+ 5.4, P = 0.01), VAS (+ 0.8, P = 0.3), ROM (+ 9.96, P = 0.04). In the DB graft, a reduction of overall complications (OR 0.59; P = 0.1), further surgeries (OR 0.64; P = 0.12) and re-dislocations (OR 0.61; P = 0.16) was observed. The SB group reported a reduction in the post-operative apprehension test (OR 2.42; P = 0.24). CONCLUSION: Current study support the use of double-bundle tendon graft for isolated MPFL reconstruction in selected patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability.

Surgical management of chronic high-grade acromioclavicular joint dislocations: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To date, no gold-standard technique exists for the treatment of chronic acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) instability. We systematically reviewed the clinical results of 3 main categories of ACJ reconstruction for high-grade chronic instability. METHODS: A literature search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The inclusion criteria were clinical studies involving patients with ACJ instability (Rockwood grades III-VI) for at least 6 weeks, managed with ACJ stabilization, with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Depending on the surgical technique, patients were divided into 1 of 3 groups: nonbiological fixation between the coracoid and clavicle, for example, suture loops and synthetic ligaments (group 1); biological reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments, for example, allograft or autograft ligament reconstruction (group 2); and ligament and/or tendon transfer, for example, the Weaver-Dunn procedure (group 3). Patient demographic characteristics, functional scores, radiographic outcomes, and complications were compared. RESULTS: Two independent investigators reviewed 960 articles. A total of 27 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 590 patients divided into 1 of 3 groups. The complication rates were similar among the 3 groups: 15% for nonbiological fixation, 15% for biological reconstruction, and 17% for ligament and/or tendon transfer, with failure rates of 8%, 7%, and 5%, respectively. In terms of functional results, the mean Constant score was 87.2 points for nonbiological fixation (n = 89), 92.4 points for biological reconstruction (n = 86), and 87.4 points for ligament and/or tendon transfer (n = 49). CONCLUSION: On comparison of the results of 3 different ACJ reconstruction methods, all techniques showed similar complication rates. Among the level II studies, ACJ reconstruction with a tendon graft showed superior results.

A Hamstring-Based Anatomic Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction With Autografts Improves Both Radiographic Instability and Functional Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To report the subjective outcomes and objective stability in a series of chronically grade III posterolateral injured knees treated with a hamstring-based anatomic posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction technique using autografts. METHODS: An outcome study of patients with a chronic complete tear of all ligamentous structures of the PLC (>5 mm of varus gapping at 30o, ≥10° of external tibial rotation during the dial test, ≥4 mm of increased lateral compartment opening during varus stress radiographs) was performed. The patients were evaluated subjectively with Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and Tegner scores and objectively with varus stress radiographs at 20° of knee flexion, IKDC objective scores, and recurvatum evaluation. Institutional review board approval: CEP/UNIFESP n: 1251/2016. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of 33 patients were available for follow up at an average of 31.9 ± 12.3 months (range, 24-59 months) postoperatively. Twenty-five patients underwent multiple-ligament reconstruction without prior osteotomy. No patient had an isolated PLC knee reconstruction. The average comparative preoperative and postoperative outcomes were, respectively: Lysholm: 49.7 ± 10.3, 81.2 ± 12.8, P < .001, 89.7% met minimal detectable change; IKDC: 36.7 ± 8.3, 70.4 ± 19.8, P < .001, 82.8% met minimal clinically important difference; Tegner, 6.6 ± 1.3, 5.5 ± 1.6, P < .001; and varus stress radiograph: 7.1 ± 3.1 mm, 1.8 ± 1.8 mm, P < .001. A significant improvement, P < .001, was found between preoperative and postoperative IKDC objective scores for varus opening at 0° and 30° and external rotation measured by the dial test at 30°. Recurvatum was also improved: preoperatively, 52% had a low-grade and 48% had a high-grade recurvatum, whereas postoperatively, 100% were classified as low grade, P < .001. CONCLUSIONS: The presented anatomic PLC reconstruction, concomitant to other surgical procedures and ligament reconstructions, is a valid technique in a multiligamentous knee injury involving the PLC, improving subjective outcomes and objective stability in patients with a chronic PLC knee injury, similar to historical controls. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Influence of Graft Source on Postoperative Activity and Joint Laxity in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical and functional outcomes of allograft and autograft reconstruction in patients with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) deficiency. METHODS: The MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were used to identify all relevant articles. Clinical outcomes including International Knee Documentation Committee, Tegner, and Lysholm scores; joint laxity; and posterior tibial displacement were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 145 unique articles identified during the title screening, 25 studies published between 2002 and 2016 with a combined population of 900 patients were deemed eligible for inclusion in the review. Of the 900 patients, 603 were treated with autograft and 297 were treated with allograft PCL reconstruction. Five of the included studies directly compared autograft and allograft PCL reconstruction. Most studies found postoperative functional outcomes and joint laxity to improve postoperatively regardless of graft source. With only 1 exception, the included comparative studies found no significant postoperative difference in any of the functional outcome scores between patients treated with allograft and those treated with autograft. Two comparative studies found autograft reconstruction to result in significantly less posterior laxity than in the allograft group, whereas 2 comparative studies found no significant difference in posterior laxity between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: PCL reconstruction results in improved functional outcome scores and joint laxity regardless of graft source. Current studies suggest there is no significant difference in postoperative functional outcomes between patients treated with autograft and those treated with allograft. Patients treated with autograft have donor-site morbidity that is not associated with allograft reconstruction. Some evidence suggests that autograft reconstruction may result in reduced posterior laxity relative to allograft reconstruction. The magnitude of this finding, however, may not be clinically significant. Our review found that decision making based on the current literature is at high risk of potential bias. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level I to IV studies.

Current Concepts in the Operative Management of Acromioclavicular Dislocations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Operative Techniques.

BACKGROUND: Acromioclavicular (AC) instability is a frequent injury affecting young and athletic populations. Symptomatic, high-grade dislocations may be managed by a myriad of operative techniques that utilize different grafts to achieve reduction. Comparative data are lacking on the ability of these techniques to achieve excellent patient outcomes and stable AC reduction and to minimize complications. PURPOSE: To systematically review the outcomes and complications of different techniques of AC joint reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: The MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were accessed to perform a systematic review of the scientific literature from 2000 to 2018 using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria with the following keywords: "acromioclavicular" and "reconstruction." Included articles were evaluated for loss of reduction, complication rate, revision rate, and change in coracoclavicular distance. Articles were stratified by graft and surgical material used: suture only, Endobutton with suture, TightRope, GraftRope, synthetic artificial ligament, tendon graft, and Weaver-Dunn coracoacromial ligament transfer. These outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model and stratified by surgical technique and arthroscopic versus open reconstruction. RESULTS: Fifty-eight articles were included in the analysis, with 63 homogeneous populations composed of 1704 patients. The mean age was 37.1 years (range, 15-80 years) with a mean follow-up of 34.3 months (range, 1.5-186 months). The overall failure rate was 20.8% (95% CI, 16.9%-25.2%). The overall pooled complication rate was 14.2% (95% CI, 10.5%-18.8%). The most common complications were infection (6.3% [95% CI, 4.7%-8.2%]), fracture to the coracoid or distal clavicle (5.7% [95% CI, 4.3%-7.6%]), and hardware/button failure (4.2% [95% CI, 3.1%-5.8%]). There were no differences between arthroscopic and open techniques in regard to loss of reduction (P = .858), overall complication rate (P = .774), and revision rate (P = .390). Open surgery had a greater rate of clavicular/coracoid fractures than arthroscopic surgery (P = .048). Heterogeneity, best assessed from the pooled loss of reduction, was measured as I2 = 64.0%. CONCLUSION: Open and arthroscopic AC joint reconstruction techniques have no differences in loss of reduction, the complication rate, and the revision rate based on the available literature. Complications are significant, and profiles vary between surgical techniques, which should be evaluated in the decision making of selecting the technique.

Anatomic double-bundle medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with aperture fixation using an adjustable-length loop device: a 2-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the clinical availability of an adjustable-length loop device for use in the double-bundle technique with aperture fixation at the patella and femur during anatomic double-bundle medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (DB-MPFLR) for recurrent patellar dislocation. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 11 patients (12 knees) with recurrent patellar dislocation who underwent anatomic DB-MPFLR with an ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon autograft. The graft was folded in half, and its central portion was hanged using the adjustable-length loop device. Both free ends of the graft were fixed at the proximal and distal ends of the medial edge of the patella by using suture anchors, and the hanged graft loop was pulled into the femoral tunnel while maintaining equal tension on both bundles. Manual traction of the suture loops was applied to fix the graft appropriately in full range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint under arthroscopic guidance. Clinical outcomes such as re-dislocation, ROM, clinical scores (Kujala score, Lysholm score, and visual analogue scale score for anterior knee pain), and complications were assessed preoperatively and at 2 years postoperatively. Radiographic parameters indicating patellar position, including congruence angle and lateral patellofemoral angle, were measured at 4 different angles of knee flexion (30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°). RESULTS: At 4 different flexion angles of the knee joint, the preoperative congruence angle decreased significantly and the lateral patellofemoral angle increased significantly at the final follow-up (P <  0.001). Notably, the improvements in these angles were maintained with no significant differences at the 4 different flexion angles. None of the patients experienced subluxation or re-dislocation after surgery. The patellar instability symptoms improved, as confirmed on the basis of radiographic and other clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: New DB technique with aperture fixation at the patella and femur by using an adjustable-length loop device offers high stability with full ROM of the knee joint, can be considered as a feasible procedure and technique for recurrent patellar dislocation.

Biomechanical Comparison of Anatomic and Extra-Anatomic Reconstruction Techniques Using Local Grafts for Chronic Instability of the Acromioclavicular Joint.

BACKGROUND: Anatomic reconstruction techniques are increasingly used to address cases of acromioclavicular (AC) joint chronic instability. These usually involve an additional surgical site for autograft harvesting or an allograft. PURPOSE: To describe a triple-bundle (TB) anatomic reconstruction using on-site autografts, the semiconjoint tendon (SCT) and the coracoacromial ligament (CAL), and compare its primary stability to the native AC joint ligamentous complex and to a modified Weaver-Dunn (WD) reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Intact AC joints of 12 paired cadaveric shoulders were tested for anterior, posterior, and superior translations under cyclic loading with a servo-hydraulic testing system. One shoulder from each pair was randomly assigned to the TB group, where 2 SCT strips were used to reconstruct the coracoclavicular ligaments while the distal end of the CAL was transferred to the distal extremity of the clavicle to reconstruct the AC ligaments; the other shoulder received a modified WD reconstruction. After reconstruction, the same translational testing was performed, with an additional load-to-failure test in the superior direction. RESULTS: In both the TB and the WD groups, no significant differences were found before and after reconstruction in terms of joint displacements after cyclic loading, in all 3 directions. Compared with the WD reconstruction, the TB repair resulted in significantly lower displacements in both the anterior (ie, 2.59 ± 1.08 mm, P = .011) and posterior (ie, 10.17 ± 6.24 mm, P = .014) directions, but not in the superior direction. No significant differences were observed between the 2 reconstructions during the load-to-failure testing, except for the displacement to failure, which was significantly smaller (ie, 5.34 ± 2.97 mm) in the WD group ( P = .037). CONCLUSION: Anterior, posterior, and superior displacements after an anatomic reconstruction of the AC joint complex using the SCT and CAL as graft material were similar to those of native AC joints and significantly smaller in the axial plane than those of AC joints after a WD repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An anatomic reconstruction is achievable using the CAL and the SCT as on-site graft materials, providing satisfactory initial stability and thereby allowing earlier mobilization.

ACL Allograft: Advantages and When to Use.

It is commonly recommended to reconstruct a torn anterior cruciate ligament in active patients; however, there is no consensus concerning the tissue source to use for the reconstruction. Bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring (semitendinosis +/- gracilis) autografts are most commonly used, with allografts being another option. Each tissue has its pros and cons, with allografts often cited as having higher failure rates. However, review of the literature comparing autografts and allografts have showed similar outcomes in age-matched adult populations. Some authors have had particular concern with using allografts in patients under 25 years of age, with several studies showing significantly higher failure rates with allografts versus autografts. More recent literature has shown than allografts can successfully be used in this younger age group with proper graft processing and compliance with a slower rehabilitation protocol.

Analysis of Graft Length Change Patterns in Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction via a Fluoroscopic Guidance Method.

BACKGROUND: A fluoroscopic guidance method for medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction has been widely used to determine the anatomic femoral attachment site. PURPOSE: To examine the graft length change patterns in MPFL reconstruction with a fluoroscopic guidance method. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Forty-four knees of 42 patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction for the treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation were examined prospectively. During surgery, suture anchors were inserted into the proximal one-third and center of the patella. A guide pin for the femoral tunnel was inserted into the position reported by Schöttle et al based on the true lateral view of the knee under fluoroscopic control. Changes in graft length patterns of the proximal and center anchors were examined through 0° to 120° of knee flexion. Favorable changes in length patterns were defined as meeting 2 of 3 criteria: (1) not long during flexion (≤3 mm between 30° and 120° of flexion) and either (2) nearly isometric during flexion between 0° and 90° or (3) slightly long during maximum extension (≤3 mm). Other patterns were considered unfavorable. If the change in length pattern was unfavorable, then the pin for the femoral tunnel was moved to different positions until it was favorable. Knees were separated into the favorable group and the unfavorable group. Differences between the groups regarding radiographic parameters were assessed. Student t test or chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 44 knees, 31 (70.5%) showed favorable patterns. However, 13 knees (29.5%) showed unfavorable patterns; therefore, the position of the pin was changed. The mean ± SD distance from the original position to the final position was 5.3 ± 1.1 mm distal for 7 patients and 5.2 ± 0.4 mm posterodistal for 6 patients. Technical errors, including a nontrue lateral view and the tip of the wire not being in the determined area, were found for 4 of 13 knees in the unfavorable group. There was no statistical difference in radiographic parameters between the groups. CONCLUSION: The graft length change pattern could be nonphysiologic at the position determined through the fluoroscopic guidance method; thus, caution may be necessary. The change in length pattern should be checked before graft fixation. If the length change pattern is unfavorable, then it is advisable to move it approximately 5 to 7 mm distally or posterodistally from the first position.

Experiences with Osteoligamentoplasty According to Weiss for the Treatment of Scapholunate Dissociation.

BACKGROUND: In post-traumatic, dynamic, or static scapholunate (SL) instability, an SL ligament reconstruction is advisable to avoid long-term complications. However, a sufficient primary reconstruction is best achieved in acute injuries. For chronic SL dissociation, there is still no satisfying standard surgical technique. In this context, we evaluated the clinical outcome of Weiss's osteoligamentoplasty as a treatment option. METHODS: Over a three-year period, 16 patients with chronic and symptomatic SL dissociation Grade-II and III, without the signs of osteoarthrosis were, surgically treated using a bone-retinaculum-bone autograft from the distal radius. All patients underwent prior wrist arthroscopy. The clinical outcome was measured using the Mayo-Wrist, Krimmer, and DASH score. In addition, radiological measurements were also performed. RESULTS: The postoperative clinical outcome successfully increased the Mayo-Wrist score: 32 to 64 points, Krimmer score: 30 to 53 points and DASH score: 41 to 30 points. The radiological follow-up demonstrated no evidence of an SL gap or significant loss of reposition in the SL angle in 13 of the 16 cases. Till date, two patients had to be revised to an arthrodesis. CONCLUSIONS: The autogenous osteoligamentary span from the distal radius improves a chronic SL dissociation and, therefore, presents a suitable option to anatomically reconstruct the SL ligament. It leads to a proper realignment of the carpus and could help to prevent arthritic changes of the wrist. Nevertheless, in patients with postoperative high occupational physical strain, the procedure should be performed with reservations. As long as there is no satisfying standard surgical treatment, Weiss's osteoligamentoplasty is a convincing technique.

Three-Layer Reconstruction with Iliotibial Tract After Endoscopic Resection of Sinonasal Tumors.

Watertight reconstruction to separate the intradural compartment from the sinonasal cavities is crucial after endoscopic resection with transnasal craniectomy for nasoethmoidal tumors. A 3-layer reconstruction with the iliotibial tract is a safe and reliable alternative when vascularized flaps are unavailable. The iliotibial tract graft is harvested on the lateral aspect of the thigh and divided into 3 portions, which are positioned in a multilayered fashion to close the skull base defect: the intracranial intradural layer (first layer), the intracranial extradural layer (second layer), and the extracranial extradural layer (third layer). Fat grafts from thigh subcutaneous tissue are placed between the second and third layers to fill the dead space between them. Use of fibrin glue and intradural irrigation may help the surgeon to stabilize the layers during reconstruction. Three-layer reconstruction with the iliotibial tract is a feasible, highly reproducible, safe, and always available option for reconstruction of anterior skull base defects after endoscopic resection with transnasal craniectomy for nasoethmoidal tumors.

Hamstring graft tibial insertion preservation versus detachment in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring graft (HG) is a commonly performed procedure. Despite the type of reconstruction chosen, the detached HG undergoes a remodeling process known as ligamentization. In order to shorten the ligamentization process, the maintenance of HG tibial insertion, aimed to spare the tendons vascular supply, has been postulated. The aim of this paper is to report the results of a prospective randomized study comparing clinical and MRI results between two different ACL reconstructive procedures with and without HG tibial insertion preservation. METHODS: Forty patients (mean age 27.5 ± 9.5 years) were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. The study group underwent an ACL reconstruction using a distally inserted HG, while the control group underwent a technique encompassing HG tibial detachment. Subjective and objective IKDC score was administered preoperatively and at 3-, 6-, 12- and 24-month follow-up. Graft morphology was assessed through MRI evaluation performed at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Clinical results were excellent in both groups. Regarding MRI results, a better intra-articular graft morphology was observed in the study group (Tau = 0.313, p = 0.024). No differences in graft integration were noticed. CONCLUSION: The main finding of this preliminary study is that preservation of the hamstring tibial insertion seems to enhance graft ligamentization with improved morphology of the intra-articular portion of the graft compared to a detachment of the hamstring tendons from the tibial side. Further well-designed studies with higher number of patients as well as more serial MRI evaluations are required to validate these preliminary findings.

Bone-ligament-bone Cuenod grafting technique modified by Saffar-Romano for the treatment of chronic scapho-lunate dissociation.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK: The authors show their experience about six patients suffering of chronic scapho-lunate (S-L) dissociation treated with the Cuenod method modified by Saffar-Romano. METHODS: Clinical assessment was performed in all patients and compared before and after surgery at follow-up measuring pain value through the VAS, ROM of the wrist with a goniometer, grip strength by Jamar test, functional outcome with the Italian version of the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score. Radiological assessment consisted in measuring S-L angle and classifying radio-carpic and inter-carpic osteoarthritis. RESULTS: At radiographic check-up the reduction of the dissociation remained within the normal range of S-L angle (30°-60°) in 5/6 patients (83%). Clinical results were satisfactory for all the patients due to complete absence of pain and a good recovery of wrist function with more than 80% of the force and mobility compared to the contralateral side for three patients, and a recovery of more than 60% of the force and mobility for another patient. Mean DASH score was 8. All the patients returned to their previous job after a mean time of 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Cuenod modified by Saffar-Romano grafting technique can be considered a brilliant solution for chronic S-L dissociation where S-L ligaments are completely worn included cases of SLAC I wrist.

Rotator cuff repair using an original iliotibial ligament with a bone block patch: preliminary results with a 24-month follow-up period.

BACKGROUND: Our first-line choice of surgical method for massive shoulder rotator cuff tears not amenable to primary repair is a patching method that uses a graft consisting of a section of the iliotibial band with an attached bone block. The objective of this study was to examine the functional and structural results. METHODS: The study included 5 patients who were not eligible for primary repair, received iliotibial band autografts with an attached bone block, and could be monitored for 2 years or more. The grafting method involved suturing the ligament part of the graft to the remaining rotator cuff and fixing the bone part to the greater tubercle of the humerus by means of a suture-bridge technique. Clinical evaluation was performed for 24 months postoperatively. Postoperative structural evaluation was performed using computed tomography at 3 to 4 months and magnetic resonance imaging at 6, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS: A clear improvement was seen at the final clinical evaluation. Fusion of the bone graft with the greater tubercle of the humerus was confirmed on computed tomography in all patients. No retearing was observed on magnetic resonance imaging at the 24-month point, and the thickness of the ligament part of the graft was maintained. CONCLUSION: The patching method using an iliotibial band with an attached bone block as the graft enabled good reconstruction of the rotator cuff, including the greater tubercle footprint. Moreover, good clinical results were seen at 24 months.

An arthroscopic-assisted minimal invasive method for the reconstruction of the scapho-lunate ligament using a bone-ligament-bone graft.

UNLABELLED: We report the outcomes of an arthroscopic-assisted minimally invasive technique to reconstruct the scapho-lunate ligament using a bone-ligament-bone graft in 11 patients (11 wrists). The mean follow-up time was 29 months (range 20 to 38). The preoperative mean wrist flexion, extension, grip strength and patient-rated wrist evaluation score values were 61°, 54°, 115 N and 54, respectively. The postoperative mean values were 64°, 58°, 142 N and 15, respectively. There were no statistical differences between the pre- and postoperative wrist flexion and extension, whereas changes in grip strength and patient-rated wrist evaluation score were significant. Scapho-lunate angles decreased significantly from 69° to 60°. Based on our clinical outcomes, this method provides a reliable alterative for the reconstruction of the scapho-lunate ligament in patients with persistent Geissler type 3 and 4 lesions in the short-term. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Graft diameter does not influence primary stability of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow.

BACKGROUND: Ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency may result in medial elbow pain, instability, and reduced athletic performance in throwing athletes. Several reconstruction methods have been described, but biomechanical studies suggest that in general, stability of the graft construct is inferior to the native ulnar collateral ligament. This study investigates whether a stronger graft would yield greater resistance to valgus load over the range of motion. METHODS: Ten cadaveric elbows were mounted to a testing fixture and incremental valgus moments of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 Nm were applied with the elbow in 120°, 90°, 60°, 30° and 0° of flexion and in varying rotational forearm positions. The intact and the ulnar collateral ligament released elbow joint were compared with the docking ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction technique, using different graft sources with increasing cross-sectional areas: palmaris longus, tricpes brachii, extensor carpi radialis longus, and semitendinosus. The resulting angular displacement was evaluated and compared between graft sources and different elbow positions. RESULTS: Compared with the intact situation, ulnar collateral ligament release resulted in a significant increase in valgus deformation over the entire range of flexion-extension motion. Ligament reconstruction using any graft source significantly restored valgus stability at 60°, 90°, and 120°, while at 0° and 30°, angular valgus deformation did not significantly differ from the ulnar collateral ligament deficient situation. There were no significant differences in angular valgus deformation between the graft sources over the range of flexion motion or forearm rotation. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not prove that a thicker graft yielded more resistance to valgus moments when using the docking technique. Thicker grafts require larger bone tunnels, cannot be adequately tensioned, and are non-anatomic. Therefore, the palmaris longus or a triceps tendon strip are considered more appropriate for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction.

A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Patellar Tendon, Hamstring Tendon, and Double-Bundle ACL Reconstructions: Patient-Reported and Clinical Outcomes at a Minimal 2-Year Follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To compare 3 anatomically positioned autografts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, by measuring patient-reported disease-specific quality of life at 2 years postoperatively. DESIGN: Double-blinded, randomized clinical trial with intraoperative computer-generated treatment allocation. Patients and an independent trained evaluator were blinded. SETTING: University-based orthopedic referral practice. PATIENTS: Three hundred thirty patients (14-50 years; 183 male patients) with isolated ACL deficiency were equally randomized to: (1) patellar tendon, PT: 28.7 years (SD = 9.7); (2) quadruple-stranded hamstring tendon, HT: 28.5 years (SD = 9.9); and (3) double bundle using HT, DB: 28.3 years (SD = 9.8); 322 patients completed 2-year follow-up. INTERVENTION: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using PT, HT, or DB autografts. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measured at baseline, 1 and 2 years postoperatively-primary: anterior cruciate ligament quality-of-life scores; secondary: International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, KT-1000 arthrometer, pivot shift, range of motion, Tegner activity, Cincinnati Occupational Scale, and single-leg hop. Proportions of correct graft type guesses by the patients and evaluator assessed blinding effectiveness. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were not different. Anterior cruciate ligament quality-of-life scores increased over time for all groups (P = 0.001) but were not different at 2 years (P = 0.591): PT = 84.6 (SD = 16.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 81.4-87.8), HT = 82.5 (SD = 17.7, 95% CI = 79.2-85.9), and DB = 82.4 (SD = 17.5, 95% CI = 79.1-85.7). Two-year KT-1000 side-to-side differences (PT = 1.86 mm; HT = 2.97 mm; DB = 2.65 mm) were statistically significant between PT-HT (P = 0.002) and PT-DB (P = 0.044). The remaining secondary outcomes were not statistically different. Correct graft type guesses occurred 51% of the time for patients and 46% for the evaluator. CONCLUSIONS: Two-year disease-specific quality-of-life outcome was not different between the ACL reconstruction techniques. The PT reconstructions had significantly lower side-to-side differences on static stability measures. Patient and evaluator blinding was achieved. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 1 (Therapeutic Studies). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This high-quality, large, double-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) addresses the insufficient evidence in the literature comparing PT, single-bundle hamstring, and DB hamstring reconstructions for ACL rupture in adults. In addition to the clinical and functional results, this RCT uniquely reports on the disease-specific, patient-reported quality-of-life outcome at 2 years postoperatively.